How important was television and newspaper reporting in uncovering the Essay

How important was television and newspaper reporting in uncovering the 1972-74 Watergate scandal - Essay Example However, with due course of time, the media publication has emerged as a business to generate profit with larger customer base rather than focussing on its core value to provide information to the common audiences. Despite, these have been of great aid while uncovering a few noteworthy and significant facts regarding the society. One such remarkable incident in the early 1970s political history of United States was the infamous Watergate Scandal. The time frame of 1972 to 1974 is remarked to be the most significant and indeed the most remarkable in the political history of the US. It is during this period that the then president of the US democrat, Mr. Richard Nixon had to resign from his designation which was the only resignation of the US president in the political history till date. It happened during the mid of 1972 when political parties were on the mode to set their images for election programmes (Steven, 2006). According to the published reports, in 17th June, 1972 five men we re recognised trespassing in headquarter of Democratic National Committee, recording and incepting the telephonic conversations and other communications. In 15th September of the same year, two other men were accused of being directly related to the conspiracy and the infringement of the central wiretapping laws. By the beginning of the next year, it was revealed that all the accused seven people were employed by the Campaign to Re-Elect the President (CREEP). The fact fuelled the probability of the involvement of superior government officials in this case. In the mid of 1973, one of the accused men of the five, wrote a letter to the trial judge, John J. Sirica addressing a cover up of the event (Alumni Chapter, n.d.). The cover up incidentally was published in different media publications including television and newspapers. Consequently, the investigation got stimulated revealing certain major facts regarding the then political environment highlighting the role of senior governmen tal officials. Worth mentioning the fact that media publications revealed a series of events demonstrating political corruptions by manoeuvring the investigation. The facts which were revealed by the investigation until 1974 stated that John Mitchell, the then Attorney General had a secret fund amounted to almost $700,000. This sum of money was intended to be expended against the Democratic Party in the falsification of letters, leaking untrue information to the press and also pilfering campaign files. It also stated that most of the American Corporations, including the Gulf Oil Corporation, American Airlines, International Telephone and Telegraph contributed large sum of money to the ‘Nixon campaign’. Moreover, the instance also revealed that Nixon had assured the Watergate intruders to provide them ‘executive clemency’ in case they were incarcerated. He also assured them to reward huge sums of money. A piece of evidence also exposed that $450,000 was paid to the intruders headed by the order of Erlichman, one of the superior White House supporters of Nixon. Several other facts were also revealed which demonstrated the pressurising of the ‘Nixon campaign’ on the FBI officials, CIA officials and other investigating

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Essay Example for Free

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Essay President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2, 1964 in Washington D.C. It ended discrimination based on race, color, and religion. Since Reconstruction, it is often called the most important U.S. law on civil rights. This law allowed the federal government with the powers to enforce desegregation. Title VI of the act banned the use of federal funds for segregated programs and schools. In 1964 only Tennessee and Texas had more than two percent of their black students enrolled in integrated schools. About 6% of the black students in the South were in integrated schools by the next year because of Title VI. What was the cause of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? In June 1963, President John F. Kennedy proposed a bill several months prior to his death. President Johnson announced his intention to turn the proposal into law five days after Kennedy’s assassination. Title IV of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 forbidden discrimination in public schools because of race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. Public schools included elementary, secondary, and public colleges and universities. Before this law was signed, an African-American named James Meredith applied to the University of Mississippi in 1961. Officials at the school returned his application. He then took his case to the court. On September 10, 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court administrated that he had the right to attend the University of Mississippi. Ross Barnett, the governor of Mississippi, personally blocked Mr. Meredith from registering at the university even after the Supreme Court ruled. Conclusively, on September 30, 1962, federal officers and Civil Rights Division lawyers led Mr. Meredith onto the campus. There were one hundred twenty three assistant federal officers, three hundred sixteen U.S. Border Patrolmen, and ninety-seven federal prison guards on and near the campus to guard him. A crowd attacked the federal forces within an hour. They were fought with guns, bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails. President Kennedy sent sixteen thousand federal troops to the campus because of the nonstop violence. The outcome was there were two people dead, twenty-eight officers were shot, and  one hundred sixty people injured. As a result, James Meredith became he first black student to attend the University of Mississippi. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had many effects. The law outlawed ethnic discrimination in public and places of employment to African Americans. However, it did not end the Civil Rights Movement. Black Southerners were deprived of their constitutional rights because white Southerners still used legal ways to take away their rights. African Americans lived in the worst metropolitan neighborhoods and had to attend the worst city schools. Other than that, the rights included rights to vote, public accommodations, which included being able to go to restaurants, movie theaters, shopping in all stores, going inside a gas station, and attending sports events at sports arenas. The Civil Rights of 1964 was also the first law to guarantee the equal rights of women.

Arrogant Attitude of Griffins Black Like Me Essay -- Black Like Me Ess

In The South John Howard Griffin’s chronicled experiences as a black man in his book, â€Å"Black Like Me† is an arrogant if well meaning book. It is arrogant because a 28 day experiment does not compare to the years (especially when learning right from wrong) of prolonged discrimination and racism suffered by African-Americans in the southern United States during the 1950’s. Consider being treated not as a 2nd class citizen, but as a 10th class citizen. Consider being in front of a washroom, but to be told it is for whites only and that you must go to the other side of town to use a â€Å"coloured† washroom. Consider not being allowed to do something just because a white man told you not to. Consider doing menial labor your entire life, even though you have a university education. Consider being an African-American. Those are just some of the hardships that African-Americans in (Specifically but not limited to) the Southern United States. Griffin had the opportunity to go to university and the theatre and all the finer things in life. He had a big house and a cushy job in the sub... Arrogant Attitude of Griffin's Black Like Me Essay -- Black Like Me Ess In The South John Howard Griffin’s chronicled experiences as a black man in his book, â€Å"Black Like Me† is an arrogant if well meaning book. It is arrogant because a 28 day experiment does not compare to the years (especially when learning right from wrong) of prolonged discrimination and racism suffered by African-Americans in the southern United States during the 1950’s. Consider being treated not as a 2nd class citizen, but as a 10th class citizen. Consider being in front of a washroom, but to be told it is for whites only and that you must go to the other side of town to use a â€Å"coloured† washroom. Consider not being allowed to do something just because a white man told you not to. Consider doing menial labor your entire life, even though you have a university education. Consider being an African-American. Those are just some of the hardships that African-Americans in (Specifically but not limited to) the Southern United States. Griffin had the opportunity to go to university and the theatre and all the finer things in life. He had a big house and a cushy job in the sub...

Moral Value Novel Back to the Dreamtime

NOVEL: BACK TO THE DREAMTIME Based on the story â€Å"Back to the dreamtime† the relationship of two main characters which I choose is Richard and his adoptive brothers, Tom. Richard father was an aboriginal descent, and he died when Richard was two year old. This proof from page 7, said Richard â€Å"my father was an aboriginal and he died when I was two year old.They very close relationship because they in same age and Tom are more elder then Richard, this can be proof on page 23 from the conversation between tom and Richard â€Å"that what older brothers are for† said by tom jokingly, yeah only just a bit older said Richard â€Å"two months to be exact† from this we know that, tom is older than Richard two month, but there are not brother with blood relation. Richard is adoptive children in Tom family and from Aboriginal family. Then, parent Tom is Joe and Sonya and have only one sister, Judy.This family is happiness family because parent Tom take care and lo ve Richard same with their children. Tom and Richard very close because always share sadness and happiness together. We can see in chapter 1, Tom ask Richard about problem Richard and plan Richard after study. They study in the same school. Every day they went to school together. Proof from page 6, â€Å"come on now, let go, or we will be late for school†. Richard, Tom and Judy also usually play together in weekend and they favorite sport is cricket .They always cooperation to become good teachers in cricket to their sister, Judy. They also together to clean up the attic together that ask from their father. They very respect their father and not protest when their ask father to clean up attic and that time, they in start to play cricket together with their sibling. In chapter 2, although they think cannot to finish their job that day because very mess that attic to clean up, the steady to clean up and accept opinion Judy. Tom also close with Richard friend, they always hang o ut together.They usually hang out at their favorite place that just down the road and sat near the edge of the cliff. This proof from page 14, tom and Bradley left the school grounds secretly to go to their favourite place just down the road, but still close enough for the school bell to be heard. They also enjoy with watching the surfers battling the waves and coming off second best. In chapter 3, they discuss about camp at Alice Spring at that place. In chapter 5 also, they have hang out at the railway tracks.They discuss about planning to go Alice Spring and Bradley planning to follow together and they agree with that because Bratley and his father usually go to explore. Tom also responsible brother, in chapter 5, Richard and their parent need go to Alice Spring to solve problem about carver, Tjurunga. That time, with feel responsible ,he ask Richard to follow go to Alice Spring together because he know Richard not go that place to holiday but have serious matter. He as brother f eel responsible to take care and help their brother.For example Tom wanted to come along with Richard to go to Alice Spring to help Richard find more information about his aboriginal life. Although Tom has no connection with Richard’s life but he is willing to sacrifice his break time and not going for holiday to come along with Richard. He know when together ,their parent and Richard will a lot better . He only give reason to go take great photos at that place. Tom also easy to suitable with Richard environment that from aboriginal. In chapter 6, they meet Mr. Aranda to ask about carver, Tjurunga and Mr.Aranda invite to go their house to rest and eat. Although first meet, they start to close with Mr. Aranda because he so nice and ready to help . In chapter 6, they go Hermannsburg Mission to meet Mr. Urandangi to solve their problem about carver, Tjurunga. That place over forty years ago not have guest from white people and Tom and Bradley is first after that. Although they c an suitable with that condition and have some time they see villagers always see they with strange sight. As conclusion, Tom and Richard so close and always take care together as like friend.Although Richard only adoptive children, their family still consider Richard like son and Tom still take care about Richard same he take care their sister Judy. In addition, Tom is a good friend for his brother Richard. For example, when Richard look so confused, Tom come to give Richard some advice such as Tom told Richard that not to give up. Then, Richard must face up to who you really are and he has to come to terms with his new world. Richard also must to be a strong person. So, this advice make Richard feel happy.

Gender Differences in the Personality Development of Adolescents

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT PARENTING STYLES S. Sravanthi And Dr. M. Sarada Devi The present study was designed to investigate the gender differences in the personality development of adolescents belonging to different parenting styles. The sample comprised of 180 adolescents (60 democratic, 60 permissive and 60 authoritarian parents and their children who comprised of equal number of boys and girls). MAP Series (Teenage Form) covering 20 dimensions was used for data collection.The results revealed that boys belonging to democratic parenting style had high personality development in all the dimensions followed by permissive parenting style. Adolescents belonging to authoritarian parents had low scores on personality development than the adolescents with democratic and permissive parents. INTRODUCTION: Parenting is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviours that work individually and together to influence the c hild outcomes.Parents occupy the most important place in the perceptual world of the child (Eisenberg 1996). Parenting is the most rewarding work of adult life. ————————————————- Parenting styles are broad categories that can overlap, shift, mix and change overtime. Often discipline is considered as essential for the growth and development of the child, Parental discipline is very essential for building healthy personality of the child.The patterns of socialization used by parents influence the child’s personality. *S. Sravanthi (M. Sc) Student, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, ANGRAU, Saifabad, Hyderabad **Dr. M. Sarada Devi Associate professor, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, ANGRAU, Saifabad, Hyderabad The term personality is derived from Latin word â€Å"persona† whic h means, â€Å"mask†.Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought. Adolescents are extremely personality conscious and highly motivated to improve them. Diana Baumarind (1983) has classified the techniques of disciplining in three fold scheme and the research focused on three of them 1) Authoritarian 2) Authoritative/Democratic and 3) Permissive.The research indicates that authoritative parenting is associated with increase in attitudinal and behavioural indicators of academic orientation during adolescents, including greater engagement in classroom activities, higher educational aspirations and more positive feelings about school compared to adolescents from permissive and authoritarian parenting style (MaccobyEE 1996). METHODOLOGY Sample: The sample comprised of one hundred and eighty adolescents including equal number of boys and girls from three parenting styles i. e. democratic, permissive and authoritarian. The sample drawn was randomly selected from different high schools of Hyderabad city. Tools Used: In order to find out the gender differences in personality development, MAP series (Teenage Form) consisting of 20 personality dimensions was used covering (adaptability, academic achievement, boldness, competition creativity, enthusiasm, excitability, general ability, guilt proneness, individualism, innovation, leadership, maturity, mental health, morality, self-control, sensitivity, self-sufficiency, social warmth and tension).To find out the different parenting styles adopted by the parents, parenting interactional style questionnaire developed by Vivekan Reddy (1996) was used. Procedure: Along with the Parenting Interactional Style Questionnaire self developed proforma to collect the general information was administered to the sample after collecting the data, it was scored and analyzed statistically using means, S. D and ‘Z’ va lues yielding the following results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of studying gender differences in the personality development of adolescents belonging to different parenting styles.Table: 1 Gender differences in personality dimensions of adolescents under democratic parenting style. S. No. | Personality Dimensions| Boys| Girls | ‘Z’ Value| | | Mean| S. D| Mean| S. D. | | 1| Adaptability| 8. 3667| 2. 1573| 8. 0333| 1. 5421| 0. 8848 NS| 2| Academic Achievement | 9. 1667| 1. 7036| 8. 3333| 1. 6470| 1. 9592 NS| 3| Boldness| 9. 1667| 2. 3647| 9. 0000| 2. 0844| 0. 2945 NS| 4| Competition| 7. 9000| 2. 5778| 6. 6333| 2. 3265| 2. 6485**| 5| Creativity| 8. 5333| 1. 6965| 7. 9667| 2. 7353| 1. 2334 NS| 6| Enthusiasm| 7. 1333| 2. 2242| 8. 2333| 1. 8511| 2. 3086*| 7| Excitability| 8. 000| 1. 4288| 6. 9667| 1. 8473| 0. 9699 NS| 8| General Ability| 9. 6000| 2. 6471| 8. 8000| 2. 7089| 1. 1767 NS| 9| Guilt Proneness| 7. 7667| 0. 585 4| 7. 9667| 2. 0424| 0. 3854 NS| 10| Individualism| 9. 2000| 2. 0578| 6. 3333| 1. 9911| 4. 9936** | 11| Innovation| 8. 1667| 2. 6403| 6. 8667| 2. 5560| 0. 0666**| 12| Leadership| 10. 1667| 2. 0525| 8. 8000| 2. 3253| 3. 8302 **| 13| Maturity| 9. 1000| 2. 4403| 9. 5000| 1. 8892| 0. 7221 NS| 14| Mental Health| 8. 7333| 2. 3479| 8. 6000| 2. 0443| 0. 5865 NS| 15| Morality| 8. 9333| 2. 1485| 9. 1667| 2. 1348| 0. 3629 NS| 16| Self-control| 8. 2000| 1. 7695| 8. 7333| 1. 954| 0. 7101 **| 17| Sensitivity| 6. 7000| 1. 6432| 7. 3667| 2. 2358| 1. 3385 NS| 18| Self-Sufficiency| 8. 2000| 2. 0745| 7. 6000| 2. 0611| 0. 4042 NS| 19| Social warmth| 8. 6333| 1. 7515| 9. 1667| 2. 1348| 0. 0649 NS| 20| Tension| 5. 7667| 1. 6333| 6. 3667| 2. 0424| 1. 2781 NS| | Total| 163. 3667| 8. 5439| 158. 2667| 11. 4649| 1. 9666*| NS: Not significant Adolescent boys had high mean scores on personality development compared to girls belonging to democratic parenting style. It was evident from the table-1 that adolescent boys had high mean scores on almost all the dimensions of personality development.This might be due to the fact that boys were given more opportunities by the parents for their development compared to girls. It might also be due to the gender role socialization practices used by the parents as boys to be assertive, independent and self-controlled in nature. This might also be influenced by the high parental expectations towards boys as they are the future breadwinners of the family. Adolescent girls had scored high on few personality dimensions such as maturity, morality, enthusiasm and social warmth.This might be due to the traditional society set up that girls are more matured than those of boys in the same age group and are better able to take care of the household activities. Boys of democratic parents had better personality development compared to girls of the same parenting styles. This might be due to the fact that parents had provided more opportunities for boys compared to girls from the same group. Table-2: Gender differences in personality dimensions under permissive parenting style S. No. | Personality Dimensions| Boys| Girls | ‘Z’ Value| | | Mean| S. D| Mean| S. D. | | | Adaptability| 6. 7000| 2. 2614| 6. 0333| 1. 9025| 1. 2567 NS| 2| Academic Achievement | 5. 3735| 1. 7367| 6. 9333| 1. 7604| 3. 4543**| 3| Boldness| 9. 0333| 2. 3560| 8. 9667| 2. 7728| 0. 2890 NS| 4| Competition| 7. 2000| 3. 0103| 6. 3667| 1. 9384| 0. 8297 NS| 5| Creativity| 8. 9333| 1. 9106| 7. 8667| 2. 4877| 1. 6140 NS| 6| Enthusiasm| 7. 9000| 2. 4262| 5. 8667| 2. 0965| 4. 8871**| 7| Excitability| 8. 5000| 1. 8892| 6. 7333| 2. 2733| 3. 4582**| 8| General Ability| 7. 4000| 3. 6446| 6. 8333| 2. 6008| 0. 7051 NS| 9| Guilt Proneness| 7. 7667| 1. 8323| 7. 8333| 3. 2065| 0. 1006 NS| 10| Individualism| 9. 333| 1. 6750| 8. 3667| 1. 8096| 1. 9580 NS| 11| Innovation| 8. 2000| 1. 9722| 6. 4333| 1. 7157| 2. 3007*| 12| Leadership| 8. 1333| 2. 1292| 7. 9333| 1. 6595| 1. 6901 NS| 13| Maturity| 6. 2667| 2. 0833| 8. 3000| 2. 3947| 3. 5687**| 14| Mental Health| 8. 3000| 1. 9853| 6. 7667 | 2. 2846| 2. 6355**| 15| Morality| 8. 0000| 1. 8383| 9. 1333| 2. 1930| 2. 3070*| 16| Self-control| 7. 7000| 1. 8965| 6. 4000| 1. 4288| 4. 4091**| 17| Sensitivity| 8. 5000| 2. 0129| 9. 8667| 1. 8889| 2. 8000*| 18| Self-Sufficiency| 7. 6333| 2. 0745| 7. 4333| 2. 4023| 4. 3297**| 19| Social warmth| 7. 3667| 3. 784| 7. 8667| 2. 1292| 2. 4020*| 20| Tension| 5. 8333| 2. 9371| 7. 7667| 2. 5688| 2. 7602**| | Total| 160. 5667| 17. 1096| 147. 7333| 9. 3521| 3. 6521**| Ns: Not significant Adolescent boys belonging to permissive parenting style had high mean scores on personality development compared to girls. It was evident from the results that adolescent boys had high mean scores on almost all the personality dimensions such as adaptability, boldness, competition, creativity, enthusiasm, excitability, general ability, individualism, leadership, innovation, mental health, self-control an d self sufficiency.This might be due to the fact that parents aspire that the boys should study regularly and get good marks, go far higher studies because the cultural stereotype of male gender role as breadwinner persists in the country. Hence it was clear that personality development of adolescent boys was better compared to girls. Adolescent girls scored high on few personality dimensions such as academic achievement, guilt proneness, morality, maturity, sensitivity, social warmth and tension. This might be due to the fact that girls are good at verbal skills and thinking.It can also be due to the fact that girls are more emotional and empathetic in nature and good at interaction with others compared to boys. It had not shown significant difference between boys and girls with regard to rest of the dimensions such as adaptability, competition, creativity, general ability, guilt proneness, individualism and leadership. Table -3: Gender differences in personality dimensions under A uthoritarian parenting style S. No. | Personality Dimensions| Boys| Girls | ‘Z’ Value| | | Mean| S. D| Mean| S. D. | | 1| Adaptability| 6. 1333| 2. 0634| 7. 6333| 1. 9911| 4. 1677**| 2| Academic Achievement | 6. 2333| 1. 4667| 5. 333| 1. 8286| 2. 2312*| 3| Boldness| 8. 8333| 3. 0522| 5. 5333| 1. 2794| 6. 2634**| 4| Competition| 6. 8667| 2. 1292| 5. 6000| 1. 7340| 2. 5698*| 5| Creativity| 6. 1000| 2. 3540| 7. 5667| 2. 6741| 2. 2935 *| 6| Enthusiasm| 7. 0423| 2. 1930| 5. 0333| 2. 1891| 2. 1353*| 7| Excitability| 7. 4333| 1. 9420| 6. 9667| 1. 9737| 3. 1265**| 8| General Ability| 6. 4667| 2. 7099| 7. 1333| 1. 9429| 0. 2785 NS| 9| Guilt Proneness| 6. 6000| 2. 5134| 7. 5333| 1. 8520| 1. 6654 NS| 10| Individualism| 6. 9333| 2. 2427| 5. 4333| 1. 7357| 2. 9466**| 11| Innovation| 7. 1000| 2. 6438| 5. 4333| 2. 2234| 2. 6878**| 12| Leadership| 6. 8333| 1. 286| 5. 6667| 1. 7876| 4. 8019**| 13| Maturity| 6. 8667| 1. 5698| 7. 3000| 2. 5617| 0. 8035 NS| 14| Mental Health| 8. 2333| 2. 0 957| 5. 9667| 2. 5391| 4. 4567**| 15| Morality| 6. 6667| 1. 7876| 7. 2667| 2. 5722| 1. 0671 NS| 16| Self-control| 8. 0333| 3. 1784| 6. 1000| 1. 4937| 3. 0668**| 17| Sensitivity| 6. 8333| 2. 2118| 5. 9333| 2. 0500| 1. 2284 NS| 18| Self-Sufficiency| 6. 9333| 2. 2118| 5. 9333| 2. 0500| 1. 2284 NS| 19| Social warmth| 8. 5000| 2. 7133| 8. 6672 | 2. 2642| 1. 5108 NS| 20| Tension| 8. 3667| 2. 0424| 10. 3667| 1. 4735| 4. 4241**| | Total| 151. 1333| 12. 2072| 134. 2333| 7. 9903| 6. 4199**| NS: Not significantAdolescent’s boys had high mean scores on personality development compared to girls from authoritarian parenting style. It was evident from the results that adolescent boys had high mean scores with reference to almost all the dimensions of personality development such as academic achievement, boldness, competition, enthusiasm, excitability, individualism, innovation, leadership, mental health; self-control, sensitivity and tension. Hence it was revealed that personality developme nt of adolescent boys was better than those of girls. This might be due to the parental expectations and aspirations on adolescents that differ on both genders.It might also be due to the roles taken up by adolescents in household activities such as girls taking care of cleaning, cooking where as boys going out for buying groceries and paying the bills and technical work etc. Adolescent girls had scored high on few dimensions such as adaptability, creativity, maturity, morality sensitivity, social warmth and tension. This might be due to the result of gender role socialization practices such as girls are trained to become good home markers and they are quick in absorbing the models from their parents compared to boys.Both boys and girls were on par in personality dimensions such as general ability and guilt proneness as there was no significant difference found between the two genders. The present findings are in line with the study conducted by Chowdhary et al. (1995), which reveal ed that girls required more support from their parent’s, and their needs were more as compared to boys. In a study on parent’s gender differentiated socialization practices concluded that, parents do indeed reinforce gender-typed behaviour such as play, activity, and toy choices (Maccoby & Jacklin 1974).FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Significant differences were noticed in personality development of adolescent boys and girls belonging to different parenting styles. Boys belonging to democratic parents had better personality development compared to girls. Where as the adolescents belonging to authoritarian parenting style had low personality development than the adolescents of democratic and permissive parenting styles. On the whole it was evident that democratic parenting style was found to have significant positive influence on personality development of the adolescents.Hence from the results it was clear that democratic parenting style was best-suggested to develop personal ity development among the adolescents. Bibliography Baumrind D 1967 Child care practices anticipating patterns of pre-school behaviour. Genetic psychology monographs 75 : 43-88. Chowdhary, Aparijitha, Muni and Kumari A 1995 Roles of parental support in Childrens, need satisfaction and academic achievement. Journal of Community Guidance and Research 12 (2) : 135-144. Maccoby E E and Martin J A 1996 Socialization in the context of the family, Parent child interaction, Newyork, Handbook of psychology. Ed 4th Edition 1-101.

What Is Mental Health Essays

What Is Mental Health Essays What Is Mental Health Paper What Is Mental Health Paper Mental health is a state of well-being in which a person understands his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. Both physical and mental health are the result of a complex interplay between many individual and environmental factors, including: * family history of illness and disease/genetics * lifestyle and health behaviours (e. g. , smoking, exercise, substance use) * levels of personal and workplace stress * exposure to toxins  * exposure to trauma * personal life circumstances and history * access to supports (e. g. , timely healthcare, social supports) * coping skills When the demands placed on someone exceed their resources and coping abilities, their mental health will be negatively affected. Two examples of common demands are: i) working long hours under difficult circumstances, and ii) caring for a chronically ill relative. Economic hardship, unemployment, underemployment and poverty also have the potential to harm mental health. What is mental illness? Mental illness is a recognized, medically diagnosable illness that results in the significant impairment of an individuals cognitive, affective or relational abilities. Mental disorders result from biological, developmental and/or psychosocial factors and can be managed using approaches comparable to those applied to physical disease (i. e. , prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation). What is psychological safety and health? The Canadian Oxford Dictionary defines psychological as of, relating to, affecting, or arising in the mind. The concept of psychological safety involves preventing injury to the mental well-being of workers. A psychologically safe and healthy workplace is one that promotes workers mental well-being and does not harm employee mental health through negligent, reckless or intentional ways. For example, a psychologically safe workplace would be free of excessive fear or chronic anxiety. What is the difference between a mentally healthy workplace and a psychologically healthy workplace? Nothing psychologically healthy workplaces and mentally healthy workplaces both describe the same high-functioning, respectful and productive workplace. The term psychologically healthy workplace is often used when talking about preventing psychological injuries (e. g. stress-related emotional conditions resulting from real or imagined threats or injuries). The term mentally healthy workplace is often used within the context of mental health promotion and is viewed as a strategy used to reduce risk factors for developing mental illness. How do psychosocial risk factors in the workplace affect employee health? Workplaces have traditionally looked at workplace health from a strictly occupational health and safety perspective. To have a complete or comprehensive approach, workplaces should also consider measures that may impact the mental health of worker. There is strong evidence that certain features of the workplace can affect employees mental and physical health. These factors include demoralization, depressed mood, anxiety, burnout, etc. These factors increase the likelihood that an individual will experience increased stress, which in turn increases the likelihood of developing or worsening a mental disorder. Psychological health problems can range widely, from mild psychological difficulties such as low mood, sleep difficulties, or excessive worry to severe psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. Because milder psychological health problems are far more common in the workplace, they account for a larger percentage of the negative impacts on employees and employers. Mental distress that has not reached the level of a diagnosable mental disorder can still be a source of considerable suffering. It is possible that workplace factors may increase the likelihood of the occurrence of a mental disorder, make an existing disorder worse, and impede effective treatment and rehabilitation. On the other hand, a supportive work environment can reduce the onset, severity, impact and duration of a mental health disorder. See the OSH Answers Mental Health Psychosocial Risk Factors in the Workplace for more information.

Aphrodite the Greek Love Goddess

Aphrodite the Greek Love Goddess Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love and beauty. She was the most beautiful of the goddesses but was married to the ugliest of the gods, the limp smithy Hephaestus. Aphrodite had many affairs with men, both human and divine, resulting in many children, including Eros, Anteros, Hymenaios, and Aeneas. Aglaea (Splendor), Euphrosyne (Mirth), and Thalia (Good Cheer), known collectively as The Graces, followed in the retinue of Aphrodite. The Birth of Aphrodite In one story of her birth, Aphrodite is said to have sprung from the foam that resulted from the severed testicles of Uranus. In another version of her birth, Aphrodite is said to be the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Cyprus and Cythera are claimed as her birthplace. The Origin of Aphrodite It is thought that the fertility goddess of the Near East was imported to Cyprus during the Mycenaean Era. Aphrodites main cult centers in Greece were in Cythera and Corinth. Aphrodite in the Trojan War Aphrodite is perhaps best known for her role in the Trojan War, especially, an event preceding it: the Judgment of Paris. Arrayed with the Trojans, during the Trojan War, as described in The Iliad, she received a wound, talked with Helen, and helped protect her favorite warriors. Aphrodite in Rome The Roman goddess Venus is thought of as the Roman equivalent of Aphrodite. Gods and Goddesses Index Pronunciation: \ËÅ'a-frÉ™-ˈdÄ «-tÄ“\ Also Known As:  Venus

Rappaccinis Daughter Quotes

'Rappaccini's Daughter' Quotes Rappaccinis Daughter is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The work centers around a young man, and a beautiful young woman (with her brilliant and inventive father entering the scenes periodically). The work (and author) are famous for being representation of American Romantic literature (Hawthorne is also famous for The Scarlet Letter). The story is also sometimes the subject of study and discussion in American literature classes, as it explores the definition of beauty, emotion/love versus intellect/science, and an exploration of Creator/creation. Here are a few quotes from Rappaccinis Daughter. Which quote is your favorite? Quotes From the Story Nothing could exceed the intentness with which this scientific gardener examined every shrub which grew in his path; it seemed as if he was looking into their innermost nature, making observations in regard to their creative essence, and discovering why one leaf grew in this shape, and another in that, and wherefore such and such flowers differed among themselves in hue and perfume.Every portion of the soil was peopled with plants and herbs, which, if less beautiful, still bore tokens of assiduous care; as if all had their individual virtues, known to the scientific mind that fostered them.He was beyond the middle term of life, with grey hair, a thin grey beard, and a face singularly marked with intellect and cultivation, but which could never, even in his more youthful days, have expressed much warmth of heart.But now, unless Giovannis draughts of wine had bewildered his senses, a singuolar incident occurred†¦a drop or two of moisture from the broken stem of the flower descende d upon the lizards head. For an instant, the reptile contorted itself violently, then lay motionless in the sunshine. Beatrice observed this remarkable phenomenon, and crossed herself, sadly, but without surprise; nor did she therefore hesitate to arrange the fatal flower in her bosom. And must I believe all that I have seen with my own eyes? asked Giovanni pointedly, while the recollection of former scenes made him shrink.They stood, as it were, in an utter solitude, which would be made none the less solitary by the densest throng of human life. Ought not, then, the desrt of humanity around them to press this insulated pair together? If they should be cruel to one another, who was there to be kind to them?Created it! created it! repeated Giovanni. What mean you, Beatrice?Miserable! ... What mean you, foolish girl? Dost thou deem it misery to be endowed with marvelous gifts, against which no power nor strength could avail an enemy? Misery, to be able to quell the mightiest with a breath? Misery, to be as terrible as thou art beautiful? Woudst thou, then, have preferred the condition of a weak woman, exposed to all evil and capable of none?To Beatrice-so radically had her earthly part been wrought upon by Rappaccinis skill-as poison had been life, so the powerful an tidote was death. And thus the poor victim of mans ingenuity and of thwarted nature, and of the fatality that attends all such efforts of perverted wisdom, perished there, at the feet of her father and Giovanni.

Language Development Methods for Secondary and Middle Schools Essay

Language Development Methods for Secondary and Middle Schools - Essay Example It presents a comparative study of about the effectiveness of the programs and services offered, key strategies implemented, significant organizational features, as well offers an insight into the challenges faced during the process. As a teacher / educator / student teacher, at the ____________ school, California; I had the opportunity to visit and observe the various programs and services offered by the school to an Elementary class and students of eight grade SDAIE class, which requires and implements both, special education as well as education in English as a second language. With most of the children identified as developmentally handicapped, and coming from non English speaking backgrounds, I was delighted to know that a majority of them responded well to the customary greetings â€Å"Good Morning, Teacher†. I observed that students of the Eight grade, displayed an impressive understanding of the language and had excellent expressive and receptive skills in the English language. Their oral and written abilities were more or less similar to those of their English speaking counterparts with the same form of disabilities. I remember a particular incident – of my interaction with one of the Span ish students called ------------------, who was a first generation American, who spoke fluent Spanish at home, lived in a predominantly Spanish speaking community of California, but interacted in manageable / fluent (choose as appropriate) English with his English babysitter / housemaid (choose as appropriate). ----xyz--------, age ----, another such student spoke fluent Spanish as his/her mother tongue, and learnt English at age 6, displayed adequate reading and writing skills in the secondary language. From these observations, I can safely conclude that the degree of proficiency and expertise in the second language i.e., English, was found to be similar to that of their primary language i.e., Spanish, especially when the secondary language was needed for day to

The importance of living healthy Research Paper

The importance of living healthy - Research Paper Example The diet that one consumes plays a significant role in ensuring healthy living in that certain diet contain substances that assist the promotion of health, as in the case for Mediterranean diets that are found to be a healthier than diets supplemented by additives to ensure that they are healthy (Healy). In this case, living healthy focuses on the issue of nutrition and the diet, that one follows and how well one eats. Therefore, living healthy does not necessarily mean that one eats based on limiting his or her nutritional intake, but is instead based on the consumption of naturally balanced foods that do not require modification in order to meet the nutritional needs of an individual. This is further shown by Mediterranean diets that have been proven to be way healthier as compared to conventional foods taken by diet fanatics. This is because studies show that people consuming diets low in fat do not necessarily mean that one’s diet is healthy; as they were found to be more at risk of heart disease and stroke as compared to those having natural foods as found in the Mediterranean foods (Healy). However, healthy living in terms of dietary intake reveals the need to consume certain foods in moderation, and others as if one’s life depended on it such as fatty fish for constant nutrition and avoidance of red meat. This means that low-fat diets are not beneficial for healthy living, but consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as lean meats leads to healthy living in regard to nutrition and it has less risk to certain health complications such as strokes and heart attacks. In addition, healthy living in nutrition facilitates the body to be more responsive in relation to one’s physiology in cases of inflammation and insulin insensitivity. This is because a healthy diet contributes to a healthy body that is able to regulate its processes and prevent cardiovascular disease (Dray). Therefore, adding oats in nutrition that are rich in fiber se rves to create a feeling of satisfaction throughout the day, which translates to reduced intake of unhealthy foods. In addition, oats increase the rate of metabolism in the body creating an environment conducive for the burning of fat leading to a healthy body with enhanced aesthetics. This is also as seen in the case of adding avocadoes in the diet, whereby they provide fats to the body in an unsaturated form, which is important in creating a â€Å"quiet hunger†. The quiet hunger is relevant in metabolizing belly fat and providing protein, as well as fiber to the body lading to enhanced health and reduced susceptibility to diseases. In addition, healthy living based on nutrition eliminates vulnerability to certain conditions that have no cure, but are preventable such as cancer. This is evident by consuming foods with broccoli as it has preventive properties against cancer, which cuts back on one’s quality of life (Klein 33). In order to ensure healthy living, it is i mportant to consider exercise, which serves to prolong human life and exercise, just like nutrition, does not mean heavy exercise or one that is prescribed (Thornton and Brunton 12). Instead, it refers to living in an environment that beats conventional convenience, which means that one is pushed towards physical activity by his or her needs in order to run errands that

Thesis amendments Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amendments - Thesis Example nglish is focused primarily on just learning the language without any reference to or intention of learning cultures associated with English, even if some cultural scenarios are included in the textbooks analysed. There also appears to be an inconsistency in the objective of the KSA Department of Education pertinent to English teaching in Saudi Arabia. Finally, it has been found out that studying English does not affect the learners’ appreciation of the Arabic culture. These results have been arrived at via the application of discourse analysis, which is the research methodology used, to some of the books used in teaching English in Saudi Arabia. The books that have been subjected to discourse analysis are Say It In English Series (SIIE) and English for Saudi Arabia Series (EFS). No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Howard Nicholas, whose continuous support and encouragement helped me a lot to acquire the basic skills of writing my thesis. Also I am grateful for his unlimited help even in weekends. This study examines the English cultural elements presented in two Saudi English learning textbook series. Chapter one introduces the general background to teaching and learning English in Saudi Arabia, the cultural challenges this presents. It then identifies the main problem involved and the states the purpose of the study as well. Chapter two develops and discusses some arguments using secondary research regarding the integration of English and its culture and general views of how the foreign culture can be introduced. The historical background gives an overview of the important relationship between language and culture, discusses the rationale for and measures taken for providing protection to the native culture, details the Saudi experience, and

Street-Observer Flneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Street-Observer Flneur - Essay Example However, there are also areas where people with the same cultural background come together or live together in groups. Therefore, I would like to carry out a piece of research or rather a little flanerie to try to seek an answer to the question: â€Å"Do people from different ethnic backgrounds interact well with each other in a multicultural city like Toronto?† In order to find an answer to my question, I intend to be a flaneur myself to carry out research in select places within a specified time on certain ethnic groups. Choosing specific groups and areas will help in narrowing down results in order to make the research more effective and the results reliable. There are other related questions that I will keep in mind while doing a little flanerie in order to stay focused on my topic. The other related questions for which I would try to seek answers are 1. When people from different ethnic backgrounds are interacting, are they interacting in an ethical way? People belonging to different ethnic groups interacting with each other ethically or unethically in a given space of time will be taken into account. 2. Why is there a difference in the behavior of dark and white-skinned people in the city? I will observe the behavior of dark and white skinned people in areas where they live together side by side and in areas which are famous for multicultural events. 3. Why are there small cultural areas with people of the same ethnicity? The behavior of different social groups in areas with the same ethnicity will be observed in order to learn more about why they live like this. In order to get valid results, I will focus on three ethnic groups, viz. the Black Americans, the Whites, and the South Asians. I think studying these three ethnic groups will give me an idea of the different ethnicities in general upon which I can base my research. I will study how people belonging to these three racial groups coexist peacefully though there are differences in their lifes tyles. I will also conduct a study to see whether the differences in their lifestyles have anything to do with the differences in their behavior. I will also observe the behavior of these groups in a multicultural society as well as in their own ethnic communities. This will help me understand why people behave differently when they are influenced by a change of environment. To get an idea about different peoples’ behavior in a multicultural society, I will observe the behavior of the Whites, the Blacks and the South Asians in Dundas square, where people from different cultural backgrounds meet. To observe South Asian people’s behavior in their area, I will observe their behavior down the Gerard Street in front of Indian and Pakistani restaurants. To know about the Black Americans, I will conduct the same research in the residential areas near Jane and Finch and for the Whites, in Yorkville. I will try to study the people in these four places within the space of a week ’s time whatever the population is or whatever the weather is. I will carry out my research not only on working days but also on weekends in order to observe any changes in the behavior of people if there happened to be any special events.  

Kingdom of Peace Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kingdom of Peace Paper - Assignment Example The total population living in Singapore is 4.38 million in which 3.64 are Singapore residents. The percentage composition is 34.8% for age and 30% for gender. The total fertility rate is 8.5 births/1,000 population (est. 2011). The factors which influence the fertility rate are Importance of children as a part of the labor force Urbanization Cost of raising and educating children The infant mortality rate is 2.32 deaths/1,000 live births. The factors which influence the infant mortality rate are: Average age at marriage Availability of private and public pension systems Availability of reliable birth control methods 3) Topic 3 – Migration The total percentage of migrants in Singapore is 10.3% and they are international. The migrants come from Europe, China, Saudi Arabia and India. According to the culture of Singapore, the migrants that have come from different countries are totally different but the majority of Malays are believers of Islam with a considerable community of I ndian Muslims and they have the same culture as of Singapore. The migrants that come from different countries adjust easily into the lifestyle of Singapore as well as they don’t face any obstacles in Singapore. The migrants need visas/ special permits to legally work in Singapore. Although, the culture shock for the migrants is minimal but there are some situations in Singapore where you will feel very unfamiliar. Only educated people are given preference in Singapore. 4) Topic 4 – Language The languages of Singapore are Arabic, English and Spanish. And the official language is English as 80% of the people speak English. Many other languages are used in Singapore such as Chinese, Malay and Tamil. In Singapore, there is only one type of accent but there are different types of dialect. The difference between accent and dialect is; accent is the way different people from different regions speak while dialect is the form of language in which people speak. 5) Topic 5 â€⠀œ Religion The main religion of Singapore is Islam. There are other religions also like Fundamentalist Christianity and Atheist. The religion Fundamentalist Christianity is a type of the main religion Christianity and it literally means â€Å"anointed one† and it is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus. The adherents of the Christianity faith are known as Christians. Mostly the people living in Singapore are Atheist. The religion does not influence the politics of the country. As there are many religions found in Singapore there will be an influence of religion on the culture because the people of different religions will follow their own culture. In Singapore, there are 50% followers are of Islam. Topic 6 – Urbanism Singapore has no cities but estates including Changi, Sengkang, Tampines, etc. However, these estates are well developed with a 100% urban population against rural population. Singapore has a mega as a well as a primate city. However, i t is its own capital. It has a robust internal model of infrastructure that allows growth, development and technological advancement in the country. Primarily, it follows Latin American pattern. Singapore faces transport issue in the country which requires a developed policy enumerating new pathways for the public, private and large vehicles. Topic 7 - Industry Electronics is the main industry in Singapore. It is bulk-reducing as well as bulk-gaining industry. In order to

Network Effects and Path Dependence Research Paper - 2

Network Effects and Path Dependence - Research Paper Example Network effect or direct-benefit effect is considered to be a vital part of economics and business. It is a kind of effect which determines that for certain sorts of decisions, an individual would incur an explicit benefit when he/she aligns their behaviour with the behaviour of other individuals. In this context, it is determined that the value of a product is directly dependent on the number of users using it (Kemper 67-84). Path dependence can be stated as a substitute analytical process for economics which is acknowledged to be a radical change of the neo-classical standards. It is a process of economic allocation where the arrangement of allocating determinates such as technology, factor, endowment, preference and institution not only depend on certain fundamentals but also depend on a particular contingent event. Instead of converting into an identified determinant, the process has undergone a number of potential equilibrium and selects it on the basis of the specific history o f the process. It is worth mentioning that a positive feedback from the agents also helps in increasing the impact related to specific early selections and further actions that are to be done accordingly (1Liebowitz and Margolis, â€Å"Path Dependence, Lock-In, and History†; Perkins 1-8). However, numerous questions have been raised by a number of critics in order to derive an understanding regarding the conditions based on which an allocation path depends. The answer to this question can be provided by focusing on two issues which include the structure of the explicit network that helps in identifying the interdependency of the agent’s choice. Secondly, the characteristics of the rapidly emerging technological changes are also viewed to have an impact on the features of the different potential equilibrium and the permanence of â€Å"lock-in† to a specific path of allocation. In this context, David’s (1985) view can also be highlighted wherein he stated that the homomorphism of path dependency mainly depends on technology, institutions, organizations and other vital aspects.  Ã‚  

Kingdom of Peace Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kingdom of Peace Paper - Assignment Example The total population living in Singapore is 4.38 million in which 3.64 are Singapore residents. The percentage composition is 34.8% for age and 30% for gender. The total fertility rate is 8.5 births/1,000 population (est. 2011). The factors which influence the fertility rate are Importance of children as a part of the labor force Urbanization Cost of raising and educating children The infant mortality rate is 2.32 deaths/1,000 live births. The factors which influence the infant mortality rate are: Average age at marriage Availability of private and public pension systems Availability of reliable birth control methods 3) Topic 3 – Migration The total percentage of migrants in Singapore is 10.3% and they are international. The migrants come from Europe, China, Saudi Arabia and India. According to the culture of Singapore, the migrants that have come from different countries are totally different but the majority of Malays are believers of Islam with a considerable community of I ndian Muslims and they have the same culture as of Singapore. The migrants that come from different countries adjust easily into the lifestyle of Singapore as well as they don’t face any obstacles in Singapore. The migrants need visas/ special permits to legally work in Singapore. Although, the culture shock for the migrants is minimal but there are some situations in Singapore where you will feel very unfamiliar. Only educated people are given preference in Singapore. 4) Topic 4 – Language The languages of Singapore are Arabic, English and Spanish. And the official language is English as 80% of the people speak English. Many other languages are used in Singapore such as Chinese, Malay and Tamil. In Singapore, there is only one type of accent but there are different types of dialect. The difference between accent and dialect is; accent is the way different people from different regions speak while dialect is the form of language in which people speak. 5) Topic 5 â€⠀œ Religion The main religion of Singapore is Islam. There are other religions also like Fundamentalist Christianity and Atheist. The religion Fundamentalist Christianity is a type of the main religion Christianity and it literally means â€Å"anointed one† and it is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus. The adherents of the Christianity faith are known as Christians. Mostly the people living in Singapore are Atheist. The religion does not influence the politics of the country. As there are many religions found in Singapore there will be an influence of religion on the culture because the people of different religions will follow their own culture. In Singapore, there are 50% followers are of Islam. Topic 6 – Urbanism Singapore has no cities but estates including Changi, Sengkang, Tampines, etc. However, these estates are well developed with a 100% urban population against rural population. Singapore has a mega as a well as a primate city. However, i t is its own capital. It has a robust internal model of infrastructure that allows growth, development and technological advancement in the country. Primarily, it follows Latin American pattern. Singapore faces transport issue in the country which requires a developed policy enumerating new pathways for the public, private and large vehicles. Topic 7 - Industry Electronics is the main industry in Singapore. It is bulk-reducing as well as bulk-gaining industry. In order to

What factors prohibits youth from re-entering juvenile detention Research Paper

What factors prohibits youth from re-entering juvenile detention centers - Research Paper Example It has also been seen that 88% of the children re entering the community are either 15 years old or more. However such is not the situation in all the cases and many of the juveniles are successfully absorbed back in the society. The reasons behind the repetition of offenses by the juvenile delinquents have interested the clinical psychologists. A study of the factors that successfully help the juvenile delinquents keep away from the detention center is necessary for the development of the community and this may reduce the number of cases of juvenile delinquencies (Youth Reentry, n.d). Review of current research A number of studies have been conducted to explain the offenses done by a child. Understanding the reasons behind the actions of an offender can help the psychologist eliminate the reason. One of the significant features of juvenile delinquencies has been gang behavior. The juvenile offenders often belong to a gang and commit crimes in the same. According to Roberts and Sprin ger (2007, p 200) the members of a gang have a sense of belonging to the group with feelings such as ‘looking out for each other’ and ‘staying together’. The gang works like a family where the other members deal with any threat posed to a gang member. Sometimes the older members of the gang pass on the traditions of the same to the new members. For a child from a disturbed family, getting included in a gang becomes a natural option in order to fill up the void created by the absence of a properly functional family. It also helps to nurture self-esteem within a child who is suffering from low confidence. Under such a situation the authors have advised to work on the strengths of the child. Sometimes the counselor may need to work on the strengths of the family...Introduction The Juvenile Act of 1973 declared that the children who were not suitable to return to their family were to be kept in a detention center that was separated from the adult delinquents. T hese out of the home facilities are called the juvenile detention centers. The juvenile criminal offenders are often separated from the community when they are perceived to be a threat to the society by placing them in these juvenile detention centers. In this way the detention centers offer a protection to the community as well as the juvenile delinquents. In these detention centers the children are supervised and structured programs are offered to them in order to reduce the ill effects of their confinement. The programs usually consist of educational aspects, recreational aspects and other developmental aspects to develop the social skills of the child with a view to help him return to the community after the release (Juvenile Detention Facility, n.d.). For successful rehabilitation in the community of the youths after their return from the detention center a number of measures must be taken.

Investment Avenues in India Essay Example for Free

Investment Avenues in India Essay ABSTRACT:Each investment alternative has its own strengths and weaknesses. Some options seek to achieve superior returns (like equity), but with corresponding higher risk. Other provide safety (like PPF) but at the expense of liquidity and growth. Other options such as FDs offer safety and liquidity, but at the cost of return. Mutual funds seek to combine the advantages of investing in arch of these alternatives while dispensing with the shortcomings.Indian stock market is semi-efficient by nature and, is considered as one of the most respected stock markets, where information is quickly and widely disseminated, thereby allowing each securitys price to adjust rapidly in an unbiased manner to new information so that, it reflects the nearest investment value. And mainly after the introduction of electronic trading system, the information flow has become much faster. But sometimes, in developing countries like India, sentiments play major role in price movements, or say, fluctuations, where investors find it difficult to predict the future with certainty. Some of the events affect economy as a whole, while some events are sector specific. Even in one particular sector, some companies or major market player are more sensitive to the event. So, the new investors taking exposure in the market should be well aware about the maximum potential loss, i.e. Value at risk.It would be good to diversify ones portfolio to include equity mutual funds and stocks. The benefit of diversification are that while risk exposure from a particular asset may not be very high, it would also give the opportunity of participating in the party in the equity markets- which may have just begun- in a relatively safe manner(than investing directly into stock markets). Mutual funds are one of the best options for investors to choose from. It must be realized that the performance of different funds varies time to time. Evaluation of a fund performance is meaningful when a fund has access to an array of investment products in market. An investor can choose from a variety of funds to suit his risk tolerance, investment horizon and objective. Direct investment in equity offers capital growth but at high risk and without the benefit of diversification by professional management offered by mutual funds.INTRODUCTION:Savings form an important part of the economy of any nation. With the savings invested in various options available to the people, the money acts as the driver for growth of the country. Indian financial scene too presents a plethora of avenues to the investors. Though certainly not the best or deepest of markets in the world, it has reasonable options for an ordinary man to invest his savings. Banks are considered as the safest of all options, banks have been the roots of the financial systems in India. Promoted as the means to social development, banks in India have indeed played an important role in the rural upliftment. For an ordinary person though, they have acted as the safest investment avenue wherein a person deposits money and earns interest on it. The two main modes of investment in banks, savings accounts and fixed deposits have been effectively used by one and all.However, today the interest rate structure in the country is headed southwards, keeping in line with global trends. With the banks offering little above 9 percent in their fixed deposits for one year, the yields have come down substantially in recent times. Add to this, the inflationary pressures in economy and one has a position where the savings are not earning. The inflation is creeping up, to almost 8 percent at times, and this means that the value of money saved goes down instead of going up. This effectively mars any chance of gaining from the investments in banks. Just like banks, post offices in India have a wide network. Spread across the nation, they offer financial assistance as well as serving the basic requirements of communication. Among all saving options, Post office schemes have been offering the highest rates. Added to it is the fact that the investments are safe with the department being a Government of India entity. So, the two basic and most sought after features, such as return safety and quantum of returns was being handsomely taken care of. Though certainly not the most efficient systems in terms of service standards and liquidity, these have still managed to attract the attention of small, retail investors. However, with the government announcing its intention of reducing the interest rates in small savings options, this avenue is expected to lose some of the investors.Public Provident Funds act as options to save for the post retirement period for most people and have been considered good option largely due to the fact that returns were higher than most other options and also helped people gain from tax benefits under various sections. This option too is likely to lose some of its sheen on account of reduction in the rates offered. Another often-used route to invest has been the f ixed deposit schemes floated by companies. Companies have used fixed deposit schemes as a means of mobilizing funds for their operations and have paid interest on them. The safer a company is rated, the lesser the return offered has been the thumb rule. However, there are several potential roadblocks in these. First of all, the danger of financial position of the company not being understood by the investor lurks. The investors rely on intermediaries who more often than not, dont reveal the entire truth. Secondly, liquidity is a major problem with the amount being received months after the due dates. Premature redemption is generally not entertained without cuts in the returns offered and though they present a reasonable option to counter interest rate risk (especially when the economy is headed for a low interest regime), the safety of principal amount has been found lacking. Many cases like the Kuber Group and DCM Group fiascoes have resulted in low confidence in this option. The options discussed above are essentially for the risk-averse, people who think of safety and then quantum of return, in that order. For the brave, it is dabbling in the stock market.Stock markets provide an option to invest in a high risk, high return game. While the potential return is much more than 10-11 percent any of the options discussed above can generally generate, the risk is undoubtedly of the highest order. But then, the general principle of encountering greater risks and uncertainty when one seeks higher returns holds true. However, as enticing as it might appear, people generally are clueless as to how the stock market functions and in the process can endanger the hard-earned money.For those who are not adept at understanding the stock market, the task of generating superior returns at similar levels of risk is arduous to say the least. This is where Mutual Funds come into picture.Mutual Funds are essentially investment vehicles where people with similar investment objective come together to pool their money and then invest accordingly. Each unit of any scheme represents the proportion of pool owned by the unit holder (investor). Appreciation or reduction in value of investments is reflected in net asset value (NAV) of the concerned scheme, which is declared by the fund from time to time. Mutual fund schemes are managed by respective Asset Management Companies (AMC). Different business groups/ financial institutions/ banks have sponsored these AMCs, either alone or in collaboration with reputed international firms.Several international funds like Alliance and Templeton are also operating independently in India. Many more international Mutual Fund giants are expected to come into Indian markets in the near future.Investment alternatives in India * Non marketable financial assets: These are such financial assets which gives moderately high return but can not be traded in market.* Bank Deposits * Post Office Schemes * Company FDs * PPF * Equity shares: These are shares of company and can be traded in secondary market. Investors get benefit by change in price of share and dividend given by companies. Equity shares represent ownership capital. As an equity shareholder, a person has an ownership stake in the company. This essentially means that the person has a residual interest in income and wealth of the company. These can be classified into following broad categories as per stock market:* Blue chip shares * Growth shares * Income shares * Cyclic shares * Speculative shares * Bonds: Bonds are the instruments that are considered as a relatively safer investment avenues.* G sec bonds * GOI relief funds * Govt. agency funds * PSU Bonds * RBI BOND * Debenture of private sector co. * Money market instrument: By convention, the term money market refers to the market for short-term requirement and deployment of funds. Money market instruments are those instruments, which have a maturity period of less than one year.* T-Bills * Certificate of Deposit * Commercial Paper * Mutual Funds- A mutual fund is a trust that pools together the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The fund manager invests this pool of money in securities, ranging from shares, debentures to money market instruments or in a mixture of equity and debt, depending upon the objective of the scheme. The different types of schemes are* Balanced Funds * Index Funds * Sector Fund * Equity Oriented Funds * Life insurance: Now-a-days life insurance is also being considered as an investment avenue. Insurance premiums represent the sacrifice and the assured sum the benefit. Under it different schemes are:* Endowment assurance policy * Money back policy * Whole life policy * Term assurance policy * Real estate: One of the most important assets in portfolio of investors is a residential house. In addition to a residential house, the more affluent investors are likely to be interested in the following types of real estate:* Agricultural land * Semi urban land * Farm House * Precious objects: Investors can also invest in the objects which have value. These comprises of:* Gold * Silver * Precious stones * Art objects * Financial Derivatives: These are such instruments which derive their value from some other underlying assets. It may be viewed as a side bet on the asset. The most important financial derivatives from the point of view of investors are:* Options * FuturesDirect equity vs. mutual funds1) Equity share/Direct investment 2) Mutual funds, a brief introduction 3) Equity Fund 4) Difference between direct equity and mutual fundEquity share/Direct investmentEquity shares: These are shares of company and can be traded in secondary market. Investors get benefit by change in price of share or dividend given by companies. Equity shares represent ownership capital. As an equity shareholder, a person has an ownership stake in the company. This essentially means that the person has a residual interest in income and wealth of the company. These can be classified into following broad categories as per stock market:* Blue chip shares- Shares of large, well established, financially strong companies with an impressive record of earnings and dividends.* Growth shares-Shares of companies that have fairly entrenched positions in a growing market and which enjoy an above average rate of growth as well as profitability. * Income shares-Share of companies that have fairly stable operations, relative limited growth opportunities, and high dividend payout ratios.* Cyclic shares – Share of companies that have a pronounced cyclicality in their operations.* Defensive shares- Shares of companies that are relatively unaffected by the ups and downs in general business conditions.* Speculative shares- Shares of companies that tend to fluctuate widely because there is a lot of speculative trading in them.Mutual Funds: A brief introductionA Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is invested by the fund manager in different types of securities depending upon the objective of the scheme. These could range from shares to debentures to money market instruments. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized by the schemes are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed portfolio at a relatively low cost. The small savings of all the investors are put together to increase the buying power and hire a professional manager to invest and monitor the money. Anybody with an investible surplus of as little as a few thousand rupees can invest in Mutual Funds. Each Mutual Fund scheme has a defined investment objective and strategy.INCEPTION OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN INDIAThe history of mutual funds in India can be divided into 5 important phases:1963-1987The Unit Trust of India was the sole player in the industry. Created by an Act of Parliament in 1963, UTI launched its first product, the Unit Scheme 1964, which is even today the single lar gest mutual fund scheme. UTI created a number of products such as monthly income plans, children plans, equity-oriented schemes and off shore funds during this period. UTI managed assets of Rs.6,700 crores at the end of this phase.1987-1993In 1987 public sector banks and financial institutions entered the mutual fund industry. SBI mutual fund was the first non- UTI fund to be set up in 1987. Significant shift of investors from deposits to mutual fund industry happened during this period. Most funds were growth-oriented closed-ended funds. By the end of this period, assets under UTIs management grew to Rs.38,247 crores and public sector funds managed Rs.8,750 crores.1993-1996In 1993, the mutual fund industry was open to private sector players, both Indian and foreign. SEBIs first set of regulations for the industry were formulated in 1993, and substantially revised in 1996.Signifficant innovations in servicing, product design and information disclosure happened in this phase, mostly initiated by private players.1996-1999The implementation of the new SEBI regulations and the restructuring of the mutual fund industry led to rapid asset growth. Bank mutual funds were recast according to the SEBI recommended structure, and the UTI came under voluntary SEBI supervision.1999-2002This phase was marked by the rapid growth in the industry, and significant increase in market shares of private sector players. Assets crossed Rs.1,00,000 crore .The tax break offered to mutual fund in 1999 created arbitrage opportunities for a number of institutional players. Bond funds and Liquid funds registered the highest growth in this period, accounting for nearly 60% of the assets. UTIs share of the industry dropped to nearly 50%.Types of mutual funds:Open ended schemesAn open-end fund is one that is available for subscription all through the year. This type of Mutual funds does not have a predefined maturity period. The key feature is liquidity. Direct dealing is another noticeable feature. One can easily buy and sell units at Net Asset Value related prices.Close ended schemesHere maturity period is predefined usually ranging from 2 to 15 years. Investment can be done directly in the scheme at the time of the initial issue and units can be brought and sold whenever units are listed in the stock exchanges.Types of Schemes1. Equity/growth oriented Funds: Equity schemes are those that invest predominantly in equity shares of companies. An equity scheme seeks to provide returns by way of capital appreciation. As a class of assets, equities are subject to greater fluctuations. Hence, the NAVs of these schemes will also fluctuate frequently. Equity schemes are more volatile, but offer better returns.2. Balanced Funds: The aim of balanced funds is to provide both growth and regular income. Such schemes periodically distribute a part of their earning and invest both in equities and fixed income securities in the proportion indicated in their offer documents. 3. Index Funds: An Index Fund is a mutual fund that tries to mirror a market index, like Nifty or BSE Sensex , as closely as possible by investing in all the stocks that comprise that index in proportions equal to the weight age of those stocks in the index.4. Income/debt oriented Funds: These schemes invest mainly in income-bearing instruments like bonds, debentures, government securities, commercial paper, etc. These instruments are much less volatile than equity schemes. Their volatility depends essentially on the health of the economy e.g., rupee depreciation, fiscal deficit, inflationary pressure. Performance of such schemes also depends on bond ratings.1) Equity FundsAs explained earlier, such funds invest only in stocks, the riskiest of asset classes. With share prices fluctuating daily, such funds show volatile performance, even losses. However, these funds can yield great capital appreciation as, historically, equities have outperformed all asset classes. At present, there are four types of equity funds available in the market. In the increasing order of risk, these are:a) Index fundsThese funds track a key stock market index, like the BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) Sensex or the NSE (National Stock Exchange) SP CNX Nifty. Hence, their portfolio mirrors the index they track, both in terms of composition and the individual stock weightages. For instance, an index fund that tracks the Sensex will invest only in the Sensex stocks. The idea is to replicate the performance of the benchmarked index to near accuracy. Index funds dont need fund managers, as there is no stock selection involved.Investing through index funds is a passive investment strategy, as a funds performance will invariably mimic the index concerned, barring a minor tracking error. Usually, theres a difference between the total returns given by a stock index and those given by index funds benchmarked to it. Termed as tracking error, it arises because the index fund charges m anagement fees, marketing expenses and transaction costs (impact cost and brokerage) to its unit holders. So, if the Sensex appreciates 10 per cent during a particular period while an index fund mirroring the Sensex rises 9 per cent, the fund is said to have a tracking error of 1 per cent.To illustrate with an example, assume you invested Rs 1,000 in an index fund based on the Sensex on 1 April 1978, when the index was launched (base: 100). In August, when the Sensex was at 3.457, your investment would be worth Rs 34,570, which works out to an annualised return of 17.2 per cent. A tracking error of 1 per cent would bring down your annualised return to 16.2 per cent. Obviously, lower the tracking error, the better are the index funds.b) Diversified fundsSuch funds have the mandate to invest in the entire universe of stocks. Although by definition, such funds are meant to have a diversified portfolio (spread across industries and companies), the stock selection is entirely the prerogative of the fund manager. This discretionary power in the hands of the fund manager can work both ways for an equity fund. On the one hand, astute stock-picking by a fund manager can enable the fund to deliver market-beating returns; on the other hand, if the fund managers picks languish, the returns will be far lower. Returns from a diversified fund depend a lot on the fund managers capabilities to make the right investment decisions. A portfolio concentrated in a few sectors or companies is a high risk, high return proposition.c) Tax-saving fundsAlso known as ELSS or equity-linked savings schemes, these funds offer benefits under Section 88 of the Income-Tax Act. So, on an investment of up to Rs 10,000 a year in an ELSS, one can claim a tax exemption of 20 per cent from his taxable income. One can invest more than Rs 10,000, but then he wont get the Section 88 benefits for the amount in excess of Rs 10,000. The only drawback to ELSS is that one has to lock into the scheme for three years.In terms of investment profile, tax-saving funds are like diversified funds. The one difference is that because of the three year lock-in clause, tax-saving funds get more time to reap the benefits from their stock picks, unlike plain diversified funds, whose portfolios sometimes tend to get dictated by redemption compulsions.d) Sector fundsThe riskiest among equity funds, sector funds invest only in stocks of a specific industry, say IT or FMCG. A sector funds NAV will zoom if the sector performs well; however, if the sector languishes, the schemes NAV too will stay depressed. Barring a few defensive, evergreen sectors like FMCG and pharma, most other industries alternate between periods of strong growth and bouts of slowdowns. The way to make money from sector funds is to catch these cycles–get in when the sector is poised for an upswing and exit before it slips back.2) Difference between direct equity and mutual fundsA mutual fund is the ideal investment vehicle for todays complex and modern financial scenario. Markets for equity shares, bonds and o ther fixed income instruments, real estate, derivatives and other assets have become mature and information driven. Price changes in these assets are driven by global events occurring in faraway places. A typical individual is unlikely to have the knowledge, skills, inclination and time to keep track of events, understand their implications and act speedily. An individual also finds it difficult to keep track of ownership of his assets, investments, brokerage dues and bank transactions etc.Investing in Mutual Fund is convenient because of two basic reasons. All investment carry risks, especially equity investment that bears larger risks, their returns are more volatile and uneven. To cut down the risk one needs to put money in several instruments rather than in one or two products. A Mutual Fund can effectively spread its investments across various sectors of the economy and amongst several products. Risk diversification is the Key. Secondly where to invest and where not to, is a specialized business. One may not have the expertise, time and resources of a well-managed fund.ADVANTAGES OF A MUTUAL FUND1. Professional ManagementQualified professionals manage money, but they are not alone. They have a research team that continuously analyses the performance and prospects of companies. They also select suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the scheme, so you see that it is a continuous process that takes time and expertise that will add value to investment. These fund managers are in a better position to manage investments and get higher returns.2. DiversificationThe clichà ©, dont put all eggs in one basket really applies to the concept of intelligent investing. Diversification lowers risk of loss by spreading money across various industries. It is a rare occasion when all stocks decline at the same time and in the same proportion. Sector funds will spread investment across only one industry and it would not be wise for portfolio to be skewed towards these types of funds for obvious reasons.3. Choice of SchemesMutual funds offer a variety of schemes that will suit investors needs over a lifetime. When they enter a new stage in life, all needed to do is sit down with investment advisor who will help to rearrange portfolio to suit altered lifestyle. 4. AffordabilityA small investor may find that it is not possible to buy shares of larger corporations. Mutual funds generally buy and sell securities in large volumes that allow investors to benefit from lower trading costs. The smallest investor can get started on mutual funds because of the minimal investment requirements. One can invest with a minimum of Rs. 500 in a Systematic Investment Plan on a regular basis.5. Tax BenefitsInvestments held by investors for a period of 12 months or more qualify for Capital gains and will be taxed accordingly (10% of the amount by which the investment appreciated, or 20% after factoring in the benefit of cost indexation, whichever is lower). These investments also get the benefit of indexation.6. LiquidityWith open-end funds, you can redeem all or part of investment any time you wish and receive the current value of the shares or the NAV related price. Funds are more liquid than most investments in shares, deposits and bonds and the process is standardized, making it quick and efficient so that you can get cash in hand as soon as possible. 7. Rupee Cost AveragingThrough using this concept of investing the same amount regularly, mutual funds give investor the advantage of getting the average unit price over the long-term. This reduces risk and also allows you to discipline self by actually investing every month or quarterly and not making sporadic investments.8. The Transparency of Mutual FundsThe performance of a mutual fund is reviewed by various publications and rating agencies, making it easy for investors to compare one to the other. Once you are part of a mutual fund scheme, you are provided with regular updates, for example daily NAVs, as well as information on the specific investments made and the fund managers strategy and outlook of the scheme.9. Easy To AdministerMutual funds units in modern times are not issued in the form of certificates, with a minimum denomination rather they are issued as account statement switch a facility to hold units in fraction upto 4 decimal points.10. Highly RegulatedThe governing of mutual funds by SEBI ensures that the fund activities are carried out in the best interest of the investors. DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDSThe following are some of the reasons which are deterrent to mutual fund investment: * Costs despite Negative Returns — Investors must pay sales charges, annual fees, and other expenses regardless of how the fund performs. And, depending on the timing of their investment, investors may also have to pay taxes on any capital gains distribution they receive — even if the fund went on to perform poorly after they bought shares. * Lack of Control — Investors typically cannot ascertain the exact make-up of a funds portfolio at any given time, nor can they directly influence which securities the fund manager buys and sells or the timing of those trades. * Price Uncertainty — with an individual stock, you can obtain real-time (or close to real-time) pricing information with relative ease by checking financial websites or by calling your broker. You can also monitor how a stocks price changes from hour to hour — or even second to second. By contrast, with a mutual fund, the price at which you purchase or redeem shares will typically depend on the funds NAV, which the fund might not calculate until many hours after youve placed your order. In general, mutual funds must calculate their NAV at least once every business day, typically after the major U.S. exchanges close.Some mutual fund schemes with the point of attractiveness to investors -Comparison of best performing mutual funds with index Equity schemes:Equity schemes are those that invest predominantly in equity shares of companies. An equity scheme seeks to provide returns by way of capital appreciation. As a class of assets, equities are subject to greater fluctuations. Hence, the NAVs of these schemes will also fluctuate frequently. Equity schemes are more volatile, but offer better returns. These can be further classified into three types:1. Diversified Equity schemes:The aim of diversified equity funds is to provide the investor with capital appreciation over a medium to long period (generally 2 – 5 years). The fund invests in equity shares of companies from a diverse array of industries and balances (or tries to) the portfolio so as to prevent any adverse impact on returns due to a downturn in one or two sectors.2. Equity Linked Saving Schemes (ELSS):These schemes generally offer tax rebates to the investor under section 88 of the Income Tax law. These schemes generally diversify the equity risk by investing in a wider array of stocks across sectors. ELSS is usually considered a variant of diversified equity scheme but with a tax friendly offer3. Sectoral Fund/ Industry Specific schemes:Industry Specific Schemes invest only in the industries specified in the offer document. The investment of these funds is limited to specific industries like InfoTech, FMCG, and Pharmaceuticals etc. These are ideal for investors who have already decided to invest in particular sector or segment. Sectoral Funds tend to have a very high risk-reward ratio and investors should be careful of putting all their eggs in one basket.CONCLUSION:In the current scenario, investing is very important and investing in stock markets is a major challenge ever for professionals. The young people should start investing earlier so that they can reap the benefits of investing in future. People should keep their eye open and keep updating themselves about various investment avenues so that they can get safe returns. BIBILIOGRAPHY: 1. Anjan Chakrabarti and Harsh Rungta, 2000, Mutual Funds Industry in India :An in-depth look into the problems of credibility, Risk and Brand ,The ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance, Vol.6, No.2, April, 27-45. 2. Bhalla V.K., Investment Management, S.Chand Company Ltd., Eleventh Edition, 2004 3. Bodie, Kane, Marcus Security Analysis and Portfolio Management, 5th edition Tata Mc Graw hill publications. 4. Customer Orientation in Designing Mutual Fund Products, -An Analytical Approach to Indian Market Preferences, Dr Tapan K Panda, Faculty Member, Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow. 5. FISHER AND JORDEN (2000): Security analysis and portfolio management, Prentice hall. 6. L.M.BHOLE (2005) : Financial institutions and market, Tata Mcgraw – hill. 7. Preparatory Books For AMFI Exam ;NJ Investment India Pvt. Ltd. Edition June 09 8. Review Of Marketing Research, Volume 5: K. Naresh Malhotra: 9. V.A.AVADHANI (2006): Security analysis and portfolio management, Himalaya publishing house. 6thEdition. |

Joy Luck Club :: essays research papers

The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, is a portrayal of four Chinese women and the lives of their children in the United States. The book discusses the conflicting cultures between the United States and China, and how men treat women throughout their lives. In the United States we usually take for granted their roles as a male or female. The culture of each country shapes the treatment one receives based on the sex of the individual. There are obvious differences within the different cultures. These differences show themselves in the work force, the distinct tasks performed in the home, and the privilege one receives in society. At job sites around the US, the women hold many positions of importance. They are usually treated as equals with men and there are few jobs from which they are excluded. In China, women are expected to stay at home and are not permitted to be in a work force that is held exclusively for men. The women of America receive fair wages and have earned the right to work w ith men. In China, women are assigned the role of housewives and must stay at home to clean the house and raise the children. Women in America receive education's that will prepare them for well paying jobs in the future. The women in China are known for taking orders from their husbands. The next difference in China from America is the different roles women take in the home. The author explains that a Chinese woman is expected to be a good wife for her chosen husband. Girls are promised at an early age to a man. The story "The Red Candle" (page 42) shows an arranged marriage where the author sacrificed her life to fulfill her parents' promise of marriage when she was only two years old. At the wedding the candle is lit at both ends and if neither end goes out it will be a successful marriage. Of course, the woman was the one held responsible for making the marriage a successful one. In an American marriage, each sex is held accountable for the success of a marriage.

The Deceived Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

In the Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, our main character struggles to find his place in society. Throughout the novel, he finds himself in "power-struggles". At the beginning of the novel, we see the narrator as a student in an African-American college. He plays a large role in the school as an upstanding student. Later, we see the Invisible Man once again as an important member of an organization known as the Brotherhood. In both situations he is working, indirectly, to have a place in a changing world of homogony. In each circumstance he finds himself deceived in a "white man's world". The Invisible man originally wanted to graduate from his college to be a professor, perhaps even the president of the college. His dream and life as he knew it was crushed when he was expelled from school for taking a white alumni to a black neighborhood where he should not have gone. The president of the college reprimands him for not having enough common sense to show the white man what he "wanted" to see. Dr. Bledsoe, the president, believes that it is necessary to lie to the white man. He calls The Invisible man a "nigger". By this act, Bledsoe is stating that he feels superior. Dr. Bledsoe promises the Invisible Man letters of recommendation to white businessmen in New York. He finds that in truth the letters are mocking him and stating that he will never be invited back to the college again. Bledsoe masks his "respect" for the white man, signing the letter, "Respectfully, I am your humble servant". This power struggle between the white man, the powerful black man, and the black citizen is a twisted circle of trying to please the "other". The Invisible man meets a character named Brother Jack. He is a member of the Brotherhood, an organization desiring peace between races. It can be said that the Brotherhood represents American communism. Brother Jack is the head of power. Once the invisible man finds his place as a political figure in the Brotherhood he is successful. He is a strong speaker and the public loves him. He receives a note warning him that he was moving too fast and that it is a "white man's world". In the end, he discovers that it was Brother Jack, the very man fighting for equality, who was responsible for the letter.

Health Organization Case Study Essay

One of the key success factors for reengineering in health care is the ability of the nursing leader or manager to redefine their organizations in terms of process. Health care reengineering is a powerful practice that helps organizations reorder priorities, provide more cost-effective care, and increase value to patients. Reengineering is not a solution, it is a critical core competency and essential skill for health care organizations if they are to succeed under managed care in future. Therefore in order for reengineering to be effective a nurse leader or manager must play a vital part in the process. They must combine strong leadership with clinical expertise and good business sense in order to be effective. Nursing leader must use the skills acquired to enhance to allocate resources for the benefit of patient care. Nurse leaders must have ability to learn and use new health care concepts quickly and should be able to access and integrate these concepts effectively. The role of a nurse leader in the reengineering health care involves the use of interpersonal skills, such as the ability to communicate effectively or be collaborative, to influence fellow members of the nursing staff to accomplish goals regarding patient care. Clearly, the nurse leaders are in the position to take a greater role in the planning process for their organizations and they must be able to make informed decisions, implement successfully and also evaluate and modify their action plans. Reference Huber, D. (2010). Leadership and Nursing Care Management. (4th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders Elsevier

The Identification of Bambusa Sp

The identification of Bamboo using various PCR and Sequencing Techniques Abstract Often the incorrect bamboo species is sold to unsuspecting customers at shops. This can have a disastrous effect on their garden. Three separate and unknown Bamboo leaf samples were taken and were required to be distinguished genetically from one another. Using ITS-PCR DNA amplification techniques, the ITS region DNA was amplified and used in PCR-RFLP and RAPD PCR in order to determine the genetic identity of each sample. Sequencing was performed, and results allowed us to distinguish between samples (to a certain extent. ) Introduction Bamboos are a group of woody perennial green plants (Wikipedia et al. 2006) that are found in many parts of the world. There are 91 genera and about 1,000 species of bamboo (Wikipedia et al. 2006). They are found in diverse climates, from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. Bamboo is a highly desirable plant grown for many reasons in plantations and gardens around the world. Many reasons it is grown are that it is a beautiful ornamental plant with unique properties. Bamboo is also an extremely strong plant that is light; it is used in many building applications for floorboards, and is also often used in furniture making. There are a number of taller growing species that are effective at blocking out the eyes of pepping toms and nosy neighbors. There are two main forms of bamboo, each form describing the way in which the bamboo itself spreads. These are known as â€Å"clumping† (monopodial) and â€Å"running† (sympodial) forms. (Wikipedia et al. 2006) Clumping bamboo species tend to spread underground slowly. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to both the species and the soil and climate conditions. Some can send out runners several metres a year, while others can stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, they can be invasive over time and can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas. The reputation of bamboo as being highly invasive is often exaggerated, and situations where it has taken over large areas is often the result of years of untended or neglected plantings. Many invasive bamboo species are often sold, unsuspectingly to people, who plant them without realizing this. The result of this is the complete takeover of ones garden. Some species of bamboo can grow at a tremendous rate, some at over 36inches (90cm) a day, providing it is provided with ideal conditions (OneEarth, 2006). Plant Biosecurity breaches often occur when bamboo plants are imported with incorrect or false labeling, often in an attempt to bring illegal ornamental species in to the country for indoor use. This ‘black market’ operation is a serious threat to native species of plants, and, if a threatening sympodial bamboo species is imported and planted in place of a monopodial (which is preferred, as they do not spread), serious damage to native forests and grasslands can occur (NGIA, 2006). Some of the techniques that can be used to identify to a species level are PCR-ITS, RAPD, and PCR-RFLP. These will be used to identify our unknown samples of bamboo. Aim To identify, to a species level, using nucleotide analysis and sequencing techniques, three unknown samples of bamboo. Materials For DNA extraction 3 Unknown Bamboo Samples (Leaves) Mortar and Pestle Liquid Nitrogen Quiagen ‘Dneasy’ DNA Extraction Kit Centrifuge tubes Pipettes and Tips Ice and Esky Quantification of DNA Well Combs (10uL) Wells UV Transilluminator Agarose Tris Borate EDTA Ethidium Bromide Loading Dye Centrifuge Tubes Gel Tank (To run agarose gel electrophoresis) Pipettes and Tips For ITS based PCR 5uL of extracted DNA 5x Reaction buffer MilliQ (Ultra Pure Water) DNTP’s (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP) PCR Machine MgCl2 Centrifuge Tubes Pipettes and Tips For RAPD-PCR ITS-PCR DNA product 5x Reaction buffer MilliQ (Ultra Pure Water) MgCl2 Primers OPM-01 and OPM-17 Wells Well Combs (10uL) UV Transilluminator Agarose Tris Borate EDTA Ethidium Bromide Loading Dye Centrifuge Tubes Gel Tank (To run agarose gel electrophoresis) Pipettes and Tips For ITS-RFLP ITS-PCR DNA product Enzymes Hha1 and Rsa1 Buffer Red (Rsa1) Buffer C (Hha1) MilliQ (Ultra Pure Water) Wells Well Combs (10uL) UV Transilluminator Agarose Tris Borate EDTA Ethidium Bromide Loading Dye Centrifuge Tubes Gel Tank (To run agarose gel electrophoresis) Pipettes and Tips Methods DNA Extraction and Purification – Quiagen Dneasy Kit ITS-RFLP ITS Region is a particular sequence of DNA which is present in all organisms. It is a region, in between each common sequence, contains DNA that is highly conserved and unique amongst a particular species, and is thus not used to translate into proteins. Enzymes are used to restrict or cut the DNA at certain points. The location of the cuts depends on nucleotide sequence that the enzyme recognizes. The number of nucleotides in sequence determines size of the restricted piece of DNA in base pairs (BP). ITS-PCR This is done to amplify the ITS region DNA which is highly conserved and unique to each individual species Primers ITS 1 and ITS 4 are used because the ITS region (18s, 5. 8s and 28s regions) are common in all organisms. The region in between the 18s and 28s is the region that is highly conserved and unique to any given species. Added to Master Mix (containing buffer solution) PCR’d ITS Region DNA is amplified out RAPD RAPD Primers OPM-01 and OPM-17 are added to the ITS-PCR DNA product and where are given a genetic fingerprint of the DNA. HOW, WHEN, WHAT, WHERE, WHO? What was done? Sufficient detail for repetition by others Results (facts only) (2) HOW, WHEN, WHAT, WHERE? What was found? Presentation of results as simply and clearly as possible Figures to present data and concepts clearly and concisely (a picture is worth 1000 words) Types of figures: photographs, drawings, tables, graphs Numerical data as tables or graphs (graphs preferred) Text to point out trends (not repeat information in figures) Discussion (3) WHY, WHAT, WHO? What does it mean? Interpretation of results relative to the hypothesis or aim Comparison with work of others References (6) WHO? List of all references cited in text http://www. bonsai-bci. com/species/bamboo. html Sabrina Caine Last modified accessed 01/06/06 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bamboo wikipedia last modified 27/05/06 accessed 01/06/06 http://www. 1earth. com. au/collect/wicker_furniture. html last modified 27/05/06 accessed 01/06/06 1Earth Antiques and Appraisals http://www. ngia. co. nz/news/507bamboo. php Nursing and Garden Industry Association (NGIA) Wellington, New Zealand Accessed 01/06/06 Updated