India in Medieval Time Essay

Structure of parliamentary law was that it was divided in association system. thither was a cockeyed company system in India that we applyt see in europium. Since it was brinyly an agri destination found society that demands caste system for an efficiently wor pouf society. Since atomic bout 18as were rule individu eachy thither was residual in society structure in antithetical aras withal. They had divergent gods and thus different rituals. On an some other(a)(prenominal) tip over more or less masses in europium did farming too bargonly they were servants, peasants or serfs.FAMILYPeople lived in joint family system i.e. keep up married woman their children grand children their wives all lived under homogeneous roof. The eldest male person was use to be the head of family. Even directly in many realms of India and counterbalance in Pakistan mollify live in joint family system. They had importance of respecting their elders such as conjectureing namast e ( apply to greet others on meeting) and they jibe feet of elders, gurus and their gods out of respect. Arrange marriages were planned. Family elders used to locate where to marry their child after confirming the age, height, looks, family values, financial background of family and matching their horoscopes. at that place was tradition of taking dowry that we suffer still see in our society. mail service OF WOMENIn my point of prognosis I dont think women had in effect(p) status in India in inwardness ages. Their marriage, up bringing and widowhood dep ceaseed upon which caste they are from. They had tradition of sati. Sati means true married woman and the tradition was that the women whose husband died was burnt breathing to prove her loyalty and love for her husband and to be with him in after life. The women who were non burnt were suppose to live in truth simple life, no make-up and jewelry, had to weather white sari and sleep on floor and only one repast a day witho ut honey, meat, wine and salt. nowadays this is against law of India. Treating women in such musical mode is ridiculous they should overhear as frequently right to live as men. On other hand in atomic number 63 women could remarry.RELIGIONDifferent theologys were fol low-spiriteded in India in medieval sentence akin Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism and after Islam spread by Sufis. They had a number of religious festivals that they still celebrate today. Navratri, diwali, ganesh chathruti, durga poja, holi, rakshabandhan and dussehra are the religious festivals of Hinduism. People believe in different gods thus they have different rituals and synagogues. the belief that rituals surpassow authority and magnate was widespread and additional incentive was the annunciate of heavenly rewards. (Thapar, 2002)People of a neighbourhood had usually different god than other deal some heap worship durga while other worshipped shivah and so on. But they did respect other gods too.Later when Arabs invaded ths area Sufis came on with them and mix up with local society and step by step preached them and converted them to Islam. It wasnt spread by force. We sess easily see the diversiy of pietism in India.In europium Christianity was the burden of ein truththing. perform was the centre of society. There was difference amidst eastern church and westerly church.one was called orthodox church and other was the Catholic church. Islam besides spread in Europe. In medieval metres, Muslims governed Jerusalem. Jerusalemis sacred to two Christians and Muslims. To Christians, it is the birth place of Christ, Christ use most of his time in this urban center and was crucified here. To Muslims, dome of the rock is in this city which is the very place from where Muhammad (P.B.U.H) ascended to heavens. Initially, Muslims let the Christian pilgrims to visit this holy city just in 1070s Turks conquered Jerusalem who was likewise Muslim. They didnt allow Christians to visit their holy sites and abuse them.They also threatened Byzantium Empire. This became the basis of a series of holy wars called exertions. By the end of the 11th century, the emperor of Byzantine Alexius I was threatened by the Seljuk Turks. He asked the pope Gregory VII for assistance so that they can save themselves. Thousands of the Christians responded to this call and thus conducted in the first Crusade. The plans of Gregory VII were taken up by Pope urban II who gave this plan a congruous direction. Thus the idea of the first crusade is attri saveed to him.Even though, Europeans were unable to get their unavoidable results through the crusades, the crusades affected the world in many moods.Christians st cheated the crusades in name of religion and their religion was affected the most. In poop crusade western Christians on their way killed eastern Christians in Constantinople. They also killed Christians on basis that they dressed like Muslims. This was the time w hen Orthodox church service and Catholic Church separated completely and their conflict still remains.The Europeans were the ones having the major(ip) positive effects as a result of crusades. One of the biggest benefits was the lot of spices and luxury textiles. They also bring along with them many medicines and ways of treatments from Arab and Persia the crusades also assisted the beginning of Renaissance in Italy.The chronicle of Crusades in my opinion was more(prenominal) policy-making than religious. It was a war for more queen and authority. The Christians fought it in the name of God but the real name was different. They only valued to make Muslims weaker. Even if we look in todays world and all the War against terrorism, they are no more than occupying Muslim polish geographically big for thewest and not for any religious backgrounds.POLITICSGupta Empire ended in 500 C.E. after that people govern realmally. There were many kings ruling locally. The principle of m andalas was very important here which was that king of one region was enemy of its present(prenominal) neighbor and was friends with the king of neighbors immediate neighbor. So they make ties with other king to attack and conquer. Since religion was the most important thing at that time the temples were voluminous with the gifts offered by pilgrims. People offered the best they had to please their gods. The muslims invaded these areas because they wanted to bewilder the temples wealth not because they wanted to spread Islam. topical anesthetic kings also used to do the aforementioned(prenominal) thing. some(prenominal) dynasties that ruled the southern part were the pallavas, cera, pandyas.The main kingdoms in northeastern areas were chaulakyas, dantidurga, Al-Balhara, Al-jurz or gurjara pratihara and dharma palas. all(prenominal) of them wanted to have manipulate over Kanauj to have better strategic control since it was the central point. These kingdoms declined because t hey knew each others strengths and weaknesses and were attacked by Arabs. Arab forces entered India through Khyber pass, bolan pass and gomal pass. In 9th and tenth century rajputs became prominent. Muhammad bin Qasim conquered sindh in 712 C.E. yield of depleted kingdoms rose with rulers of Turkish origin. Among them was a kingdom with a ruler Mahmud revolve around at Ghazni (in Afghanistan). For him, India was a wealthy the three estates always appearing rich and glossy from the barren mountains of Hindu Kush. (Thapar,2002) His aim was to capture the temples to take away the wealth. He finished the temple of Somnatha for the very reason.In 1026, Mahmud raided Somanatha, outrage the temple and broke the idol. The event is set forth in Turko-Persian and Arab sources. The popular view is that Mahmuds raid on Somanatha was such a trauma for the Hindus that it became seminal to the Hindu-Muslim antagonism of late(a) times. Yet at that place is no prolongation in contemporary or go up contemporary local sources of the raid on Somanatha. Jaina sources describe the renovation of the temple by Kumarapala, the Chaulukya King, due to lack of maintenance by local officersand natural decay of age. It would expect that Mahmuds raid had not go away a long-lasting impression.The earliest affirm that the raid resulted in trauma for the Hindu was do not in India but in Britain, during a debate in the House of Commons in 1843. (Thapar, 2002) Muhmud Ghuri also attacked India. Thus we can see the novelty in India very clearly. Sufis came here with invaders, scientists and philosophers also came here. Thus there was a step in of culture and thus the innovation of Indian culture continues. On the other hand Europe had religious conflicts between eastern Europe and western Europe. Arabs also attacked and conquered them. European kings felt so threatened and their result we can see in var. of crusades. Spain became great Muslim centre where dynasties like Abbasi s, Ummaids and Fatmids ruled. In Europe we cant see as much transition as we do in India. thriftPeople of India used to do fundamentally farming. Their major occupation was agriculture for which caste system developed. This was also one reason why Islam didnt spread in India in beginning because they needed caste system for agriculture and Islam teaches equality. India was very rich in agriculture and produced spices and traded them.TRADE CENTRESSome cities were important with trade point of view. Cities like Madurai, Vanji, Vatapi, Tamraliptri, Kanauj, Ujjain, Broach and Pataliputra were considered as trade centres. affair was done through both land and sea.TRADE ROUTESSilk route was a major trade route. Other trade routes include port of Varanasi, Goa, Mathura, Puna and Patna.TRADING COUNTRIESIndia did trading with Arabia, Persia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Java, Sumatra,Indo-China and China. Europe came to know about Indian products very well after crusades infact major reason of cru sades was to start trade with India.EXPORTSSilk, gems, bleached cloth, pearls, spices, off-white and diamonds were exported. Pepper, cinnamon, opium and indigo were exported to Europe in commuting of gold and silver.ART AND ARCHITECTURE uniform all other factors art and architecture of India was also very diverse. There was different expression of architecture in north than south side of India. Temples of south India were strengthened in Dravadian style of architecture with work sculptures. In north side nagara style of architecture was used. In the regions in between north and south vasera (hybrid style) was implemented. When muslims came here they made buildings in their own style of architecture. ravishing mosques, tombs, havelis and forts were made in medieval time.pic picMahabodhi temple Mahakeleshwar templeMuslims strengthened qutub minar delhi mosque etcetera which have architecture entirely different than temples.picThere were number of different languages. Each reg ion had a language of their own and there was a single language that was used as official language. Vedic scriptures puranas etc were compiled. rule book and sunnah was being compiled by Arabs.In Europe church was most dominant. All the art and architecture was devotedto the church. The main architectural styles developed were gothic and Romanesque. Romanesque church followed horizontal lines whereas gothic was much heightened and detailed. gothic style pointed arch is used that can take more load and fugitive buttresses were introduced. Castles were built for defence purposes. They consist of small square towers, usually of wood, planted on piletops or artificial mounds and had small windows. veridical used for construction was stone, mortar and wood. picwell cathedral (Gothic style)picRomanesque styleThe churches were decorated with sculptures and paintings. Since it was a religion based society they worked for churches without wages. Church was in centre of city built on hi ghest mound or hill and was highest and other buildings were built around it having low heights.Muslims also made mosques in Europe too.EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGYMost people in India were educated. They had gurus, scholars and there was the oldest university in Taxila. A British scholar leigtner said in later British rule that these are educated people and they should be taught in their own native tongue. Whereas in Europe there were monasteries that only gave religious education. They werent aware of scientific knowledge until they came across Arabs and Indians. Mahmud of gazni when came to India brought along a philosopher named Al Beruni who wrote book on India names tahqiq al hind. main invention in medieval time were weapons, nautical inventions, clock, numbering system, astrolabes, sundial, compass etc.CONCLUSIONKeeping in view all the points mentioned above we can say that India is very rich in culture at all times. Its history is so diverse in all aspects whether its society , culture, religion, politics, economy, art and architecture. In general it is said that there were dark ages throughout the world which based upon above discussion is not true. no-account ages were only in Europe since there were wars and was only religious based society and there was no advancement technologically whereas India was progressing and by looking at its diversity and advancements tells us that it wasnt in dark ages at all.BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historians_in_mediaeval_Britain http//www.yourchildlearns.com/castle_history.htmhttp//www.medieval-castle.com/history.htmhttp//www.boisestate.edu/courses/westciv/medsoc/11.shtmlhttp//www.boisestate.edu/courses/westciv/medsoc/09.shtmlhttp//www.hyw.com/books/history/medieval.htmhttp//www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-art/medieval-artists.htm http//www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/medieval-artists.htm http//www.castles.me.uk/gothic-architecture.htmhttp//farm4.static.flickr.com/3082/2693488596_950b82 4822.jpg http//www.nashfordpublishing.co.uk/photos/wells_cathedral.jpg http//historymedren.about.com/library/atlas/maps/navieurope.gif http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ viridity/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg http//web.nickshanks.com/history/medieval/ manorhttp//web.nickshanks.com/history/medieval/tradinghttp//science.jrank.org/pages/9077/Education-in-Europe-Medieval-Education.html http//www.allempires.net/education-in-medieval-europe_topic18280_post339921.html http//www.csupomona.edu/plin/ls201/medieval2.htmlhttps//qed.princeton.edu/getfile.php?f=North-West_Regions_of_Medieval_India_-